This article by Eli Plaskett originally appeared in Modern Machine Shop magazine.
The fight to reduce runout and control heat generation is familiar to every machinist, but it does not affect every process equally. While it is helpful when hogging out a large part, for example, it is vital to achieve tolerance in micro-applications. Steve Lind, VP of Solid Round Tools for Sandvik Coromant, saw this firsthand when working with Aspro Plastic, a Brazilian manufacturer of parts for the plastics industry.
Managing Heat for Microdrills
The application involved making a screen from large, flat stock of 316 stainless steel. The part needed thousands of holes drilled at 1-millimeter in diameter, which combined the challenges of microdrilling with heavy wear on the cutting tool. “At the time, we were machining an inox component with 44,816 holes at 1.0-mm diameter with carbide drills, but we found we needed to improve our cut speed,” says Ricardo Ferreira, product designer and programmer at Aspro.
The heat generated by the drilling process, as well as the large number of holes needed, quickly wore out drills. This necessitated multiple tool changes for each part, increasing the time spent on the machine tool. Additionally, the drill’s size made managing heat more difficult, as the machine could not supply through coolant, making external coolant the only option. This made things more challenging, as controlling heat generation was vital to prevent work hardening, Lind says. At only 1 millimeter in diameter, drills easily snap under the additional strain of hardened material.
Working with Sandvik, the shop opted to revise its process. It eventually settled on using a Coromant 862 family drill, the 1-mm diameter 9×D X2BL microdrill. While this drill was a major improvement, the process improvements were also impactful.
Pecking at the Part
Particularly at the micro level, the right tooling and machine tools are not always enough to succeed. Overcoming the challenges of this application meant pecking: repeatedly pulling the tool back during the drilling cycle to remove chips and dissipate heat.
By “pecking,” Lind says he means engaging the material at an initial depth of approximately 1-3×D and then subsequent “peck” depths of 0.5-1×D until the desired depth is reached. The drill must not leave the hole completely, as fully exiting and reentering the hole risks damaging the tool. Instead, it withdraws just enough for the flood coolant to evacuate chips before reengaging the part. All of this is performed on a Haas VM3.
“There’s not much room for forgiveness when working at this size,” he says. “You will break your drill if you’re not careful.”
In cases where pilot drilling is necessary, it’s important to limit the spindle to 500 RPM at no more than 50% of the programmed feed rate so the tool can locate itself. Once the drill is engaged and 1-2×D into the part, increase to the recommended cutting data. Also, in cases where coolant-through tools are used, it’s imperative to leave the coolant off until the tool is engaged and stabilized in the pilot hole at least 1-2×D deep prior to turning on high-pressure coolant.
Even without fully exiting the hole, constantly breaking off contact and reengaging the drill causes a great deal of wear, as it constantly shifts the forces acting on the cutting tool. “Usually, constantly disengaging and reengaging the part is something to be avoided,” Lind explains. “But in this case, it’s the lesser of two evils compared to breaking the drill.”
Increased Productivity
The new drill and revised process led to a 300% productivity increase. “With the old drills, the machining time was eight seconds per hole,” Lind says. “We got that down to 4.7 seconds.” Additionally, the X2BL microdrill is capable of handling many more holes before a tool change while producing a surface finish exceeding 32 RA. “The facility went from handling 6,800 holes per drill to 10,000,” Lind says. “So they’ve reduced the tool changes to four in-process changes per part.
“The Sandvik Coromant microdrill was just the fit for us, because we reduced our cycle time by more than half, with improved cut parameters,” Ferreira concludes. “We also had the confidence that the drill could work overnight, saving us working machine hours. As a result, we saved about 40 hours per component.”